How Does Remedial Massage Differ from Sports Massage?

Whether you are seeking massage or giving massage – do you know what you are looking for or understand what you are giving.  When seeking massage therapy, people often hear the terms Remedial Massage and Sports Massage and wonder about the differences. Though both modalities aim to restore and enhance physical function, they have different intents – and this is probably the most important word (intent).  Let’s delve into what sets sports and remedial massage means and who benefits from each (or both).

My personal journey in bodywork was shaped by a background in sports and recreation management, over 20 years of training in Japanese martial arts, and time served as a sports trainer in local clubs. Everything that I do is about living – movement is living, and movement is meant to be fun!  As a remedial massage therapist, I want to support you to do the things you love with the ones you love the most.

In my practice, I work with recreational road runners at varying levels, from beginners to marathon and ultra- runners. I also work with cyclists and triathletes (sports that I participate in) to assist them to reach their personal goals. And curiously, I have a small following of pole dancers (which is not a sport of mine).

Public Perceptions vs. Reality

There’s a common belief that Remedial Massage is the “massage that hurts” and “the one that I can claim a rebate from my health fund on”.  On the other hand, Sports Massage is the massage that men get (because it sounds more masculine) – and needs to be hard and fast. But these stereotypes only scratch the surface of what these therapies involve.

What is Remedial Massage?

Medibank has provided this definition for Remedial Massage.  The systematic assessment and treatment of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues to assist in rehabilitation, pain relief, and injury management. It involves:

  • Assessment-Driven Treatment: Identifying the root cause of pain or dysfunction.
  • Flexible Techniques: A therapist may employ a range of techniques and tools which might include hands on soft tissue techniques, and it may also include use of tools such as dry needling, cupping, or myofascial release.
  • Restorative Intent: The aim is to support the body’s own healing processes and restore normal function.

You will notice that in the accepted definition there is no mention of any specific modality, technique, pressure or pain.

While the title isn’t protected or registered, a Remedial Massage Therapist would usually hold a Diploma of Remedial Massage from an Australian Registered Training Organisation.

The focus of a Remedial Massage Therapist isn’t always on sport. A remedial massage therapist might be a generalist, working with “anyone”.  However, many choose a specific focus based on their experiences, ongoing training and world view. This could include working in areas like palliative care, oncology, or occupational rehabilitation. Others might focus on specific conditions like TMJD, Parkinson’s disease, or recovery from frozen shoulder.

A person seeking remedial massage might engage in treatment for a few sessions, or for a chronic or life-altering injury/illness require ongoing care.

Attending your remedial massage you can expect the therapist to ask you:

  • Complete an intake form
  • Ask you about your health history – including your current symptoms and history of those symptoms
  • Why you are attending massage and what else you have tried (and the outcome)
  • And many other questions
  • Discuss treatment options with you
  • Undertake an assessment
  • Perform a remedial massage treatment and assess the outcomes
  • Inform you of a recommended course of treatment or refer you on to another professional

Sports Massage: Tailored for Athletic Performance

Sports Massage is not just a post-match rub down or any specific technique or modality.  It’s an approach designed to enhance and maintain an athlete’s physical capabilities. A sports massage can still be remedial in nature.  The intention is that a sports massage aims to:

  • Support training and training programs
  • Prepare for Competition: Get the athlete ready to perform
  • Support Recovery: Help muscles recover post-training or post-competition.
  • Prevent and Treat Injuries: Address sport-specific injuries or strains.

This might include very conservative work to support participation or competition, through to very detailed and intentional work including specific assessment and management.  Therapists might work with athletes in general or they may have a specific knowledge set and personal experience working with a particular sport – e.g. swimmers, hockey players, baseballers, runners.  These athletes will usually develop consistent and predictable patterns (which if unmanaged may lead to injury) based on the repeatable nature of their activities.

Many sports massage therapists may or may not hold a diploma of remedial massage, with many massage training schools holding sports massage training in their Certificate level programs.  They may have gone on to work alongside other allied health professionals in high performance settings, and many have also undertaken additional training through Sports Medicine Australia.

The work of a sports massage therapist could range from a rub down at the side of a track during training sets for a cyclist, to specific muscle and soft tissue care for example management of a cuff injury to support the injury recovery of a swimmer.  An experienced sports massage therapist would be aware of the training program of the athlete and should also be observing training and be in communication with the coach and other allied and allied adjacent therapists.

Attending your sports massage, you can expect the therapist to ask you about:

  • Your sport and level of participation
  • Where you are at with your training program
  • When is your next match / competition or training goal
  • Your coach and other supporting health professionals
  • Why you are seeking massage treatment
  • Who have you already seen and what was the result
  • How best to work with you and when to work with you to meet your goals
  • And many other questions – including performing an assessment before and after treatment – especially in the instance of restriction or injury

In a true high-performance setting, an athlete often has a team of professionals—coaches, trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, physiotherapists, nutritionists and sports psychologists—dedicated to every aspect of their well-being. These athletes have the resources and time to focus intensely on recovery and rehabilitation.

However, it’s different for a recreational or self-funded athlete. These individuals juggle training with work, family, and other demands. Their resources, including time and money, are divided, which influences how they can commit to their recovery.

For a therapist, this means acknowledging these limitations and managing expectations. It’s about finding ways to integrate recovery strategies into an athlete’s busy life, recognising that they might not have the same support network as an elite AFL footballer or AIS scholarship funded swimmer.

Qualifications and Therapist Focus

In Australia, the most common qualifications for massage therapists include:

  • Certificate IV in Massage Therapy: Provides foundational training, sometimes with a focus on sports massage techniques.
  • Diploma of Remedial Massage: Offers more comprehensive training in anatomy, physiology, and injury management. Therapists with this qualification are better equipped to assess and treat complex issues.
  • Some States also offer even higher levels of education through Advanced Diplomas and Undergraduate Degrees in Soft Tissue Therapy and Myotherapy.

Choosing the Right Approach for You

When deciding between Remedial and Sports Massage, consider your goals and needs. If you’re experiencing pain or restricted movement, or if you require a tailored approach to restore function, a Remedial Massage may be the best fit. On the other hand, if you’re an athlete preparing for a competition or recovering from an intensive training session, Sports Massage might be more appropriate.

Watch out for charlatans – the title of massage therapist is not protected, and anyone can call themselves a massage therapist whether they have no training, just a little bit of training or a lot of training. When choosing your massage therapist ask them about their:

  • qualifications
  • association membership
  • insurance
  • commitment to ongoing training
  • experience in your sport / activity / injury

How Remedial Massage Can Complement Your Exercise Routine

Exercise, Training and Immunity

Incorporating remedial massage into your exercise routine can offer a range of benefits that enhance your overall fitness and wellbeing. While exercise is essential for maintaining physical health and achieving fitness goals, adding remedial massage can complement your routine by addressing muscle recovery, improving performance, and preventing injuries. Here’s how integrating remedial massage can take your exercise routine to the next level.

  1. Enhanced Muscle Recovery

One of the primary benefits of remedial massage for those who exercise regularly is improved muscle recovery. After intense workouts, your muscles can become sore and fatigued. Remedial massage helps alleviate this soreness by increasing blood flow to the affected muscles, which accelerates the removal of metabolic waste products and brings essential nutrients to the tissues. This enhanced circulation aids in reducing muscle stiffness and promotes faster recovery, allowing you to return to your workouts with less discomfort.

  1. Increased Flexibility and Range of Motion

Flexibility and range of motion are crucial for optimal performance in any exercise routine. Remedial massage targets specific muscle groups and connective tissues, helping to release tightness and improve flexibility. By working with a skilled therapist, you can achieve deeper stretches and greater mobility, which can enhance your overall performance in exercises such as yoga, pilates, and strength training. Improved flexibility also reduces the risk of injury and ensures that your muscles and joints function more efficiently during workouts.

  1. Prevention of Injuries

Injury prevention is a key aspect of any effective exercise routine. Regular remedial massage can help identify and address areas of muscle tension or imbalance before they lead to injuries. By addressing these issues early on, you can prevent common exercise related injuries such as strains, sprains, and tendonitis. A therapist can also provide guidance on proper stretching techniques and muscle care, further reducing the risk of injury and ensuring that your body remains in optimal condition for exercise.

  1. Improved Performance

Remedial massage can enhance your overall exercise performance by improving muscle function and reducing fatigue. When muscles are relaxed and well maintained, they can perform more efficiently, allowing you to exercise more effectively. Whether you’re aiming to increase your strength, endurance, or agility, the benefits of remedial massage can contribute to better results. By incorporating massage into your routine, you can achieve your fitness goals more efficiently and with less strain on your body.

  1. Enhanced Relaxation and Stress Relief

Exercise is known for its stress-relieving benefits, but combining it with remedial massage can amplify these effects. Remedial massage not only helps relax tight muscles but also reduces overall stress levels. The relaxation induced by massage can complement the stress-relieving benefits of exercise, leading to a more balanced and holistic approach to wellness. Reduced stress levels can improve your mood, sleep quality, and overall mental health, making your fitness journey more enjoyable and sustainable.

  1. Support for Rehabilitation

For those recovering from an injury or managing a chronic condition, remedial massage can be an invaluable part of the rehabilitation process. By working with a therapist, you can receive targeted treatments designed to support your recovery and address specific issues related to your injury. This targeted approach can complement physical therapy and other rehabilitation efforts, helping you regain strength, flexibility, and function more effectively.

  1. Customization to Your Needs

One of the advantages of remedial massage is its ability to be tailored to your specific needs and exercise routine. A skilled therapist can customise treatments based on your fitness goals, exercise habits, and any areas of concern. Whether you need assistance with muscle recovery, injury prevention, or performance enhancement, remedial massage can be adapted to address your unique requirements and support your overall fitness journey.

  1. Improved Posture and Alignment

Proper posture and alignment are essential for effective exercise and overall physical health. Remedial massage can help correct postural imbalances and improve alignment by releasing tight muscles and addressing muscle imbalances. Better posture can enhance your exercise performance and reduce strain on your body, leading to a more effective and comfortable workout experience.

Integrating remedial massage into your exercise routine can offer numerous benefits that enhance your overall fitness and well-being. From improved muscle recovery and flexibility to injury prevention and performance enhancement, remedial massage provides valuable support for achieving your fitness goals. By complementing your exercise routine with regular massage, you can optimize your physical health and enjoy a more balanced and effective approach to wellness.

 

Common Myths and Misconceptions About Remedial Massage

Massage therapist focusing on pressure point on back area

Remedial massage has gained significant recognition for its ability to address a range of physical issues and promote overall wellness. However, despite its growing popularity, several myths and misconceptions still surround this effective therapy. Let’s expose some of the most common misunderstandings to help you better understand the true benefits of remedial massage.

  1. Remedial Massage is Just a Fancy Name for Relaxation

One of the biggest myths about remedial massage is that it’s merely another term for a relaxing spa treatment. While it’s true that remedial massage can be soothing, its primary goal is to address specific muscular issues and injuries. Unlike relaxation or Swedish massage, which focus on general relaxation and stress relief, remedial massage is designed to target problem areas such as muscle strain, joint pain, and postural imbalances. It’s a therapeutic approach aimed at improving function and alleviating discomfort, rather than just providing a relaxing experience.

  1. It’s Always Painful

Another common misconception is that remedial massage is always painful. Some people believe that effective treatment must involve intense discomfort. While it’s true that remedial massage can sometimes involve deep pressure, especially when targeting stubborn knots or tight muscles, it should not be painful. A skilled therapist will adjust the intensity based on your pain tolerance and comfort level. The key is communication: always let your therapist know if you’re experiencing any discomfort so they can adjust their technique accordingly.

  1. Only Athletes or People with Chronic Pain Need Remedial Massage

Many people think that remedial massage is only beneficial for athletes or individuals with chronic pain. In reality, anyone can benefit from it. Whether you’re dealing with occasional muscle tension, recovering from an injury, or experiencing stress-related aches, remedial massage can provide relief. It’s not just for those with severe or ongoing issues but can also be a proactive measure to maintain overall muscle health and wellbeing.

  1. A Single Session Will Solve All Your Problems

A common belief is that one remedial massage session will resolve all your issues. While a single session can provide immediate relief and relaxation, addressing more complex or chronic issues typically requires a series of treatments. Remedial massage is often most effective when integrated into a regular routine, complemented by other selfcare practices. Consistency is crucial for achieving and maintaining long term benefits.

  1. Remedial Massage is the Same as Other Types of Massage Therapy

Some people confuse remedial massage with other forms of massage therapy. While all massages aim to improve physical and mental wellbeing, each type has different focuses and techniques. For instance, Swedish massage emphasizes relaxation and circulation, whereas remedial massage specifically targets musculoskeletal issues and injuries. Understanding these differences can help you choose the most appropriate therapy for your needs.

  1. Remedial Massage is Only for Physical Issues

Another misconception is that remedial massage is solely for physical problems. While it is highly effective for addressing musculoskeletal issues, it also offers mental and emotional benefits. The relaxation and stress relief gained from remedial massage can significantly impact mental well-being. Reducing stress and promoting relaxation can contribute to a better overall sense of health and balance.

  1. It’s Not Safe During Pregnancy

Some people believe that remedial massage is unsafe during pregnancy. In reality, with proper techniques and precautions, remedial massage can be beneficial and safe for pregnant women. Specialised prenatal massage techniques are used to ensure comfort and safety. It’s important to work with a therapist experienced in prenatal massage and to communicate any concerns or specific needs during your sessions.

  1. You Don’t Need to Prepare for a Remedial Massage Session

Preparation is often overlooked when it comes to remedial massage. While it’s not as involved as preparing for some other medical treatments, a bit of preparation can enhance the effectiveness of your session. Staying hydrated, arriving on time, and informing your therapist about any medical conditions or specific areas of discomfort can all contribute to a more beneficial experience.

Understanding these myths and misconceptions about remedial massage can help you make informed decisions about incorporating it into your wellness routine. By addressing these misunderstandings, you can better appreciate the true benefits of remedial massage and use it effectively to support your health and well-being.

The Benefits of Assisted Stretching

Assisted stretching is a growing trend in the wellness and fitness world, and for good reason. Unlike traditional self-stretching, which involves you stretching your own muscles, assisted stretching involves a trained professional guiding you through various stretches. This technique can provide several benefits that make it an attractive option for those looking to enhance their physical health and overall wellbeing.

Advantages of assisted stretching:

  1. Enhanced Flexibility

One of the most notable benefits of assisted stretching is its ability to significantly improve flexibility. When you stretch with the help of a professional, they can apply the right amount of pressure and support to push your muscles beyond their typical range of motion. This allows you to achieve deeper stretches that are often difficult to reach on your own. Improved flexibility can lead to greater mobility, better posture, and a decreased likelihood of muscle stiffness and injury.

  1. Greater Muscle Relaxation

Assisted stretching is particularly effective at relaxing tight muscles. A trained therapist can target specific muscle groups and apply precise techniques to release tension. This can be incredibly beneficial after intense workouts or long periods of sitting, both of which can cause muscles to become tight and sore. By relaxing these muscles, assisted stretching helps promote a greater sense of overall relaxation and wellbeing.

  1. Improved Circulation

Another significant benefit of assisted stretching is the enhancement of blood flow and circulation. During stretching, the increased blood flow helps deliver essential nutrients and oxygen to your muscles while removing metabolic waste products. Better circulation can contribute to quicker recovery times and improved muscle function. This can be particularly valuable for those who engage in regular physical activity or are recovering from an injury.

  1. Personalized Stretching Routine

Assisted stretching provides a personalised approach to your flexibility and muscle needs. Unlike generic stretching routines, a professional can tailor stretches to your specific requirements. They can address areas where you may have tightness, imbalances, or discomfort. This individualised attention ensures that you’re getting the most effective stretches for your unique body, which can lead to better results and a more customised approach to your wellness.

  1. Reduced Risk of Injury

Incorporating assisted stretching into your routine can help reduce the risk of injuries. By improving muscle balance and range of motion, you’re less likely to experience strains, sprains, or tears during physical activities. A flexible and well stretched muscle is less prone to sudden injuries. This proactive approach to injury prevention is particularly beneficial for athletes, fitness enthusiasts, or anyone who engages in regular physical activity.

  1. Enhanced Performance

For athletes and fitness enthusiasts, assisted stretching can lead to improved performance. Enhanced flexibility and muscle relaxation contribute to better movement efficiency and overall physical performance. When your muscles are properly stretched and relaxed, you can move more freely and with greater ease, which can positively impact your athletic abilities and exercise outcomes.

  1. Stress Reduction

The benefits of assisted stretching go beyond just physical health. The relaxation and improved circulation that come with stretching can also contribute to decreased stress levels. The process of stretching with a professional can be soothing and help alleviate mental tension, leading to an overall sense of calm and improved mental wellbeing. This holistic approach to relaxation supports both physical and emotional health.

  1. Support for Rehabilitation

Assisted stretching can be a valuable part of a rehabilitation program for injuries or chronic conditions. A therapist can work with you to develop a stretching routine that supports your recovery and helps address specific issues related to your injury. This tailored approach can facilitate healing and improve functional outcomes as you work towards regaining full mobility.

Incorporating assisted stretching into your routine offers a wide range of benefits, from improved flexibility and muscle relaxation to enhanced circulation and performance. By working with a trained professional, you can receive a personalised approach to stretching that addresses your unique needs and supports your overall wellness. Whether you’re an athlete, a fitness enthusiast, or simply someone looking to improve your physical health, assisted stretching can be a valuable addition to your self-care regimen.

Hormones and blood

Nut Cereal

There are many hormones that assist in the production of blood cells and platelets, regulating blood pressure, protection of blood cells and blood clotting.  Where a patient has constant issues with blood pressure or keeping adequate levels of iron, analysis of hormones should be considered.

Erythropoietin (EPO, haematopoietin or haemopoietin)

Erythropoietin is produced mainly in the kidney, by interstitial cells.  Once the hormone is made it protects red blood cells against destruction.  It also stimulates stem cells of the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells.

Angiotensin

Angiotensin is a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by constricting (narrowing) blood vessels and triggering water and sodium intake.  Angiotensin is part of linked hormones, enzymes, proteins and reactions called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

There are four different forms of angiotensin: Angiotensin I–IV.  Angiotensin II is the main and active form of the hormone.  If your body has too little or too much angiotensin, it can cause health issues.

Angiotensin II binds to several receptors and affects many different systems and functions, including:

  • Stimulating the release of aldosterone from your adrenal glands, which causes your body to retain sodium and lose potassium through your urine.
  • Increasing blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels.
  • Triggering the sensation of thirst through your hypothalamus.
  • Triggering the desire for sodium through your hypothalamus.
  • Stimulating the release of antidiuretic hormone from your pituitary gland, which causes your kidneys to reabsorb water. (1)

Thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin is the chemical mediator that regulates the number of platelets in the blood by stimulating an increase in the number and growth of megakaryocytes, thus controlling the rate of platelet production.

Vasopressin

Vasopressin is known as an antidiuretic hormone.  It maintains the appropriate volume of water in the space that surrounds cells within the body.  It plays a role in regulating circadian rhythm, maintains the body’s internal temperature, blood volume and the proper flow of urine from the kidneys.  Nerve cells at the base of the brain (hypothalamus) make and transport vasopressin to the pituitary gland, which then releases the hormone into the bloodstream  If your body produces too much vasopressin, your kidneys may retain water.  If you don’t have enough vasopressin, your kidneys may excrete too much water.  This causes frequent urination and can lead to dehydration, as well as low blood pressure. (2)

Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.  It supports the regulation of blood pressure mainly by acting on organs such as the kidney and the colon to increase the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the bloodstream and to increase the amount of potassium excreted in the urine.  Aldosterone also causes water to be reabsorbed along with sodium; this increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure. (3)

Hepcidin

Hepcidin is a peptide hormone produced in the liver that plays a crucial role in iron production and uptake.  Serum iron levels must be tightly regulated to ensure an adequate supply is available for hemoglobin synthesis, without allowing iron overload to occur in the body.  Hepcidin decreases the level of iron by reducing dietary absorption and inhibiting iron release from cellular storage.  Too much hepcidin can lead to problems like iron deficiency, where your body doesn’t absorb enough iron.  Too little hepcidin can cause iron overload, where your body absorbs too much.

Prostaglandins

Most hormones are produced by glands and transported in the bloodstream.  Prostaglandins are produced at the site where they are needed, are produced in nearly all body cells and are part of the body’s way of dealing with injury and illness, where there is inflammation, pain and fever.  When a blood vessel is injured, a prostaglandin called thromboxane stimulates the formation of a blood clot; a muscle in the blood vessel wall contracts to try to prevent blood loss.  Another prostaglandin called prostacyclin has the opposite effect to thromboxane, reducing blood clotting and removing any clots that are no longer needed and causing the muscle in the blood vessel wall to relax.  The opposing effects that thromboxane and prostacyclin have on the blood vessels can control the amount of blood flow and regulate response to injury and inflammation. (4)

References:
  1. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-a). Angiotensin. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23359-angiotensin
  2. Cassata, C. (2023, September 22). What is vasopressin? EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/vasopressin/guide/
  3. Aldosterone | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/aldosterone
  4. Prostaglandins | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/prostaglandins/

 

 

 

Hormones involved in Digestion

gut health

The gut is a major producer of hormones, with more than 20 known hormones being responsible for controlling food intake, digestion of food, energy expenditure and influence the pleasure of eating.  Some of these digestive hormones target the brain and work in association with the enteric nervous system and is often why the gut is known as the “2nd brain”.

Some of the well known hormones are below:

Gastrin

Gastrin is a hormone that is produced in the lining of the stomach and upper small intestine and is released into the bloodstream.  During a meal, gastrin stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid, which then allows the stomach to break down food and absorb certain vitamins such as vitamin B12.  Gastric acid also acts as a disinfectant.  Gastrin can stimulate the gallbladder to empty its store of bile and the pancreas to secrete enzymes.  Gastrin also stimulates growth of the stomach lining and increases the muscle contractions of the gut to aid digestion. (1)

Ghrelin

Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced and released mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain.  It is known as the ‘hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage.  Ghrelin levels are actually higher in people with lean body weight compared to those who are overweight.  High levels of Ghrelin have also been found in people with certain cancers, anorexia nervosa and cachexia. (2)

Glucagon

Glucagon is made by the pancreas and helps regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels.  Glucagon increases your blood sugar level and prevents it from dropping too low, whereas insulin, another hormone, decreases blood sugar levels.

Insulin

Insulin is released from the Pancreas and is essential for helping your body use glucose for energy.  If your body cannot produce enough insulin, or your body cannot use the insulin being released, it causes high blood sugar levels.  In most people insulin lowers blood sugar levels, stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat.  The inability to produce insulin by destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, creates an autoimmune condition which results in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and those diagnosed require injections of insulin for the rest of their lives.  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is when the body cannot properly use insulin, and is often a result of poor eating and lifestyle habits which results in insulin resistance. (3) (4)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

IGF is a hormone that your body makes naturally in the liver and acts much like insulin.  It used to be known as somatomedin.   IGF helps to control growth hormone secretion in the pituitary gland.  IGF works with growth hormones to promote growth and development of bone and tissue.  These hormones also affect how your body metabolizes sugar, or glucose.  IGF and insulin can work together to rapidly reduce the level of glucose in your blood.

Leptin

Leptin is a hormone released by body fat that helps your body maintain normal weight on a long-term basis.  It does this by regulating hunger by providing the sensation of satiety (feeling full).  As leptin is created by stored body fat, the higher level of body fat means a higher release of leptin.  This signal should mean that the person stops eating.  For those on weight loss protocols, as your body fat decreases, your leptin levels decrease, which may signal your body to think that it is suddenly in starvation, which it clearly is not.  This feeling of starvation can stimulate hunger and appetite and can lead to increased food consumption.  (5)

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

GIP is a member of the secretin family of hormones.  It was discovered in extracts of intestine that inhibited gastric motility and secretion of acid, and initially called enterogastrone.  It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first part of the small intestine.

GIP enhances the release of insulin in response to infusions of glucose.  For this action, it has also been referred to as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.

Secretin

Secretin is a digestive hormone secreted by the wall of the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum) that regulates gastric acid secretion and pH levels in the duodenum.  When hydrochloric acid passes from the stomach into the duodenum, secretin is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the duct cells of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate.  By this mechanism, hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach is diluted and neutralized.  Secretin also inhibits the secretion of gastrin, which triggers the initial release of hydrochloric acid into the stomach, and delays gastric emptying. (6)

References

  1. Gastrin | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/gastrin/
  2. Ghrelin | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/ghrelin/
  3. (2023, December 6). Type 1 diabetes | Diabetes Australia | Diabetes Australia. Diabetes Australia. https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/
  4. Healthdirect Australia. (2021, November 4). Type 2 diabetes. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes
  5. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-d). Leptin & Leptin Resistance. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22446-leptin
  6. Utiger, R. D. (1998, July 20). Secretin | Definition & Function. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/secretin

 

 

Hormones and Mood

Healthy foods

Many hormones affect your mood, emotions, behaviour and personality.  Certain hormones are associated with specific traits such as depression and happiness, and due to the fluctuations of hormones and the overall health of people, these traits change from person to person.  Hormones can spike dramatically during periods of major life changes, such as after child birth, children beginning puberty, death of a family member or divorce.

Dopamine

This neurotransmitter is also a neurohormone related to the hypothalamus, and one of its main function as a hormone, is to inhibit the release of prolactin and to act in cells in the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, motivation and satisfaction.  Dopamine also controls memory, sleep, learning, concentration and mood.  When you do something fun, you have an increase of dopamine in the brain.  This can also occur when you drink alcohol or use illegal drugs which can lead to addiction.

Dopamine also controls body movements and low levels have been associated with Parkinson’s Disease.  Low levels are also found in people with ADHD.  An imbalance of dopamine can cause mental illness such as depression and schizophrenia.

Dopamine is derived from amino acids, specifically tyrosine which occurs naturally in foods such as nuts, eggs, seeds, dairy and meat.

Melatonin

Released from the Pineal gland, Melatonin is an antioxidant hormone and is important in regulating the circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle).  Circadian rhythm is the physical, mental and behavioural changes that follow a 24-hour cycle and respond primarily to light (day light) and dark (night time).

Researchers have also found that Melatonin helps in regulating female hormones and the menstrual cycle.  Melatonin released by the pineal gland (not supplements) helps protect against neurodegeneration (loss of function of neurons) and can cause conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.  Melatonin supplementation is also being used as an extra treatment for women with breast cancer.

Serotonin

Also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), serotonin is a hormone and a monoamine neurotransmitter.  Serotonin carries messages between the central nervous system in your brain and throughout your body via your peripheral nervous system.  Around 90% of serotonin is made in the gut lining and 10% is produced by the brain.  It is released into the blood stream where it is absorbed by platelets.

Serotonin assists in learning, memory, happiness, regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behaviour and hunger.  Low levels are related to depressive mood, anxiety and other mental health conditions.

Serotonin is a product of the essential amino acid tryptophan, which isn’t produced by the body, but ingested via foods such as chicken, cheese, fish, peanuts and turkey.

Adrenaline (or epinephrine)

Naturally released from the Adrenal Gland (which sits on the top of each kidney), following a message from the brain that you are facing a stressful, exciting or dangerous situation.  Adrenaline is a hormone that causes your heart rate to increase, your breathing rate to increase, increase in blood pressure and a rise in blood sugar which gives you energy.  This is known as a ‘fight or flight’ response.  Adrenaline is also a medication that is used to treat anaphylaxis. (1)

Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline)

Norepinephrine is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.  Norepinephrine is produced within the inner adrenal medulla.  Norepinephrine helps the body respond to stress and exercise, it plays a role in your mood and ability to concentrate, it increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, breaks down fat and increases blood sugar levels.  Low levels can cause lethargy, lack of concentration, ADHD symptoms and possibly depression. (2)

Corticoliberin (Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), also termed corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH))

Corticoliberin is a corticotropin-releasing polypeptide hormone.  It is also a neurotransmitter involved in the response to internal or external stresses.  CRF regulates adrenal function indirectly through the central nervous system (CNS) via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and via the autonomic nervous system by way of locus coeruleus (LC) in the brain stem. (3)

Orexin

Orexin is a neuropeptide hormone, also known as hypocretins, produced in the hypothalamus.  Orexins bind and activate two G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R).  Orexin/receptor pathways play vital regulatory roles in feeding behaviour, sleep–wake rhythm, reward and addiction and energy balance.  Several studies have shown that orexin/receptor pathways are involved in pathological processes of neurological diseases such as narcolepsy, depression, ischemic stroke, drug addiction and Alzheimer’s disease.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.  The two main physical functions of oxytocin are to stimulate uterine contractions in labour and childbirth and to stimulate contractions of breast tissue to aid in lactation after childbirth.  During labour, when the fetus’s body pushes against the cervix, the nerve impulses travel to your brain and stimulate your pituitary gland to release oxytocin into your bloodstream.  The oxytocin travels to your uterus and stimulates contractions.  Once the baby is born, oxytocin promotes lactation by causing contractions of the myoepithelial cells in the alveolar ducts of the breasts.  These contractions move milk through your breast tissue.  In males oxytocin plays a part in ejaculation.  The hormone contracts the vas deferens to push sperm and semen forward for ejection.  Oxytocin also affects the production of testosterone in the testes.  (4)

You might know Oxytocin by one of its other names: the love hormone or bonding hormone.  Oxytocin plays an important part in human bonding.  Released during childbirth and breastfeeding, it’s a key factor in the bond between parent and infant.  Hugging, kissing, cuddling and sexual intimacy can all trigger oxytocin production, which can strengthen bonds between adults.

Cortisol

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid (steroid) hormone produced by the adrenal glands.  This hormone regulates the body’s stress response, helps control your body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates (metabolism), suppresses inflammation, regulates blood pressure, regulates blood sugar, and helps control the sleep-wake cycle.  Your body releases cortisol when it has any type of stress, whether it is physical or mental stress.  Cortisol will release adrenaline when a person needs to be on high alert and releases glucose when fast energy is required (ie. to run away from danger).  Normally cortisol would be low in the evening and high in the  mornings.  Cortisol counterbalances the effects of insulin.  Having chronically high cortisol can lead to high levels of blood sugar.  (6)

 

References:
  1. Healthdirect Australia. (2023, October 17). Adrenaline. Healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/adrenaline
  2. Society, E. (2023, January 5). Adrenal hormones. Endocrine Society. https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hormones-and-endocrine-function/adrenal-hormones
  3. Tsatsanis, C., Dermitzaki, E., Venihaki, M., Chatzaki, Ε., Minas, V., Gravanis, A., & Margioris, A. N. (2007). The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides as local modulators of adrenal function. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64(13), 1638–1655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-007-6555-7
  4. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-f). Oxytocin. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22618-oxytocin
  5. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-b). Cortisol. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22187-cortisol

 

The Body’s Natural Hormones for Growth

Children playing in a room together

Growth hormones such as those listed below are natural hormones your pituitary gland and hypothalamus produce and release.  They promote growth in children, helps maintain body structure and metabolism.

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is an adipokine protein hormone and is released by your fat cells as well as skeletal muscle, heart muscle and endothelial cells.  It helps with insulin sensitivity and inflammation.  Low levels of adiponectin are associated with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis.  High levels of adiponectin are found in people with lower than normal body weight or those with Anorexia Nervosa.

The two hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH), regulate adiponectin release in fat cells.  Low levels of adiponectin increase the amount of insulin by the pancreas and decrease inflammation resulting in the protection of your vascular system, heart, lungs and colon. (1) peptide

Growth hormone (GH) or Human Growth Hormone (HGH) or Somatotropin

GH is released into the body by the Pituitary Gland and stimulates the growth of the individual, as well as cell reproduction and the regeneration of body tissues.  HGH is a natural hormone and is not to be confused with the synthetic type used by bodybuilders or children with growth issues.  HGH peaks during puberty.  GH promotes the growth of bone and cartilage, regulates fat, muscle, tissue in our bodies, and other aspects of our metabolism such as insulin action and blood sugar levels.  GH prompts our liver to make a substance called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).

HGH increases vertical growth in children. However, once your growth plates have fused, HGH cannot make you taller.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

IGF is a hormone that your body makes naturally in the liver and acts much like insulin.  It used to be known as somatomedin.  IGF helps to control growth hormone secretion in the pituitary gland.  IGF works with growth hormones to promote growth and development of bone and tissue.  These hormones also affect how your body metabolizes sugar, or glucose.  IGF and insulin can work together to rapidly reduce the level of glucose in your blood.

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

GHRH is produced in the hypothalamus.  Its main role is to stimulate the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone.  The action of GHRH on the pituitary gland is counteracted by somatostatin, a hormone which prevents the release of the growth hormone.  When there is a normal balanced hormone production, GHRH, somatostatin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are regulated by each other. (2)

References

  1. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-a). Adiponectin. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22439-adiponectin
  2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/growth-hormone-releasing-hormone/

Get to know your Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones

Woman closing eyes with face in the sunlight

Thyroid and Parathyroid hormones are part of your endocrine system.  The Thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland at the base of the front of the neck.  Most people have four pea-sized parathyroid glands located behind their thyroid gland.

In order to make thyroid hormones, your thyroid gland needs iodine and water. Your thyroid gland traps iodine and transforms it into thyroid hormones.  If you have too little or too much iodine in your body, it can affect the level of hormones your thyroid makes and releases and cause illness.

A full panel of Thyroid pathology includes TSH, T4, T3, RT3 and Thyroid Antibodies.

Thyroxine (T4)

Also known as Tetraiodothyronine.  This is the main hormone released by the Thyroid Gland into the bloodstream.  It is a less active form of thyroid hormone and is converted into the more active T3.  Thyroxine regulates the basal metabolic rate, sensitivity to catecholamines, regulates protein synthesis, heart, digestive function, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.  Excessive amounts of T4 result in thyroid conditions such as hyperthyroidism and Grave’s Disease.  Too little production of T4 creates thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. (1)

Triiodothyronine  (T3)

Triiodothyronine is the active form of the T4 hormone.  Around 20% of T4 is secreted into the bloodstream directly by the thyroid gland. The remaining 80% is produced from conversion of thyroxine by organs such as the liver and kidneys.  Similar to thyroxine, T3 affects almost every physiological process in the body.

Reverse triiodothyronine RT3

Your thyroid makes very small amounts of RT3, which reverses the effects of T3.  After its release from the thyroid gland, T4 is converted to T3, which is active thyroid hormone, or to rT3, which is considered an inactive form, and is incapable of the metabolic activity normally carried out by T3.  In some people with Thyroid conditions, the RT3 becomes dominant.

Researchers believe the body produces rT3 in times of severe illness or starvation.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Your hypothalamus releases TRH, which triggers your pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates your thyroid to release Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).  Once your thyroid releases T4, it is transformed into T3 so that it can impact your cells and your metabolism.  In infants it is critical for brain development.  A fetus will start to use its own thyroid at around 12 weeks gestation, utilising the mothers hormones, until it produces enough of its thyroid hormones at around 18-20 weeks.  (2)

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is made and released by your thyroid gland to help regulate calcium levels in your blood (not bones) by decreasing it.  Calcitonin opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

PTH is a hormone that your parathyroid glands make and release to control the level of calcium in your blood, not your bones.  PTH also helps control the levels of phosphorus and Vitamin D in your blood and bones.  PTH levels are mainly controlled by a feedback loop of calcium levels in your blood to your parathyroid glands.  Low calcium levels in your blood stimulate parathyroid hormone release, whereas high calcium levels in your blood prevent your glands from releasing parathyroid hormone. (3)

References:

  1. Thyroxine | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/thyroxine/
  2. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-h). Thyroid hormone. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22391-thyroid-hormone
  3. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-g). Parathyroid hormone. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22355-parathyroid-hormone

Reproductive Hormones – more than Estrogen and Testosterone

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Reproductive hormones are responsible for pregnancy, puberty, menstruation, menopause, sex drive, sperm production, labour and breastfeeding/lactation.  These hormones are produced in the ovaries (in females) and testes (in males) as well as the pituitary gland and the placenta.

Anti-mullerian (AMH)

This hormone is produced in the granulosa cells in a woman’s ovarian follicles and is a marker for the number of available oocytes, which are cells that participate in the formation of an egg.  AMH does not change during the menstrual cycle and can be tested at any time of the cycle. (1)

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

GnRH hormone is produced and secreted by specialised nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the brain.  GnRH is carried from the brain to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which allow the testes and ovaries to act on their respective reproductive functions.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH is produced and released by your pituitary gland.  FSH plays a role in sexual development and reproduction.  This hormone stimulates the maturation of the Graafian follicles in the ovary in women and in men, it stimulates spermatogenesis in the testicles.  In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the fetus’ pituitary gland releases FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH).  During puberty, FSH and LH work together so that the testes produce testosterone in boys and the ovaries produce oestrogen in girls. (2)

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

hPL is a hormone produced by the placenta when a woman is pregnant.  hPL can alter the metabolism of women during pregnancy allowing nutrients to reach the fetus.  It also helps with insulin sensitivity and prepares the body for breastfeeding. hPL is also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS).  A low level of hPL might mean risk of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia or problems within the placenta or fetal growth.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)

HcG is a hormone made by the placenta during pregnancy.  HcG levels begin to rise after conception and it is this hormone that is detected in blood or urine to confirm a pregnancy.  It stops increasing at around 10 weeks gestation.  HcG also triggers the body to create more progesterone and estrogen.  HcG tells the body to stop menstruating and thickens the uterine lining to support a growing embryo. (3)

Inhibin

This hormone inhibits the secretion of the FSH by the anterior pituitary gland. It is secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries.  This creates a typical negative feedback loop between inhibin and FSH to stimulate the formation of granulosa cells which produce estrogen and progesterone.  In the testes, small amounts of inhibin hormone are produced by the sertoli cells.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The pituitary gland releases LH which causes changes to occur in the ovaries and testes.  LH stimulates the ovaries to maintain your menstrual cycle and support pregnancy.  A high surge in LH causes release of an egg in around the middle of the menstrual cycle, called ovulation and most likely when a woman can fall pregnant.  LH also causes progesterone increase during the third and fourth week of a cycle to support a pregnancy.  As you age and go through menopause, your LH levels will increase as your levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease.

In males LH stimulates your testes to make testosterone and LH levels remain fairly stable in men after puberty.

Prolactin (PRL)

PRL is a hormone that’s responsible for lactation, certain breast tissue development and other bodily processes.  Prolactin levels are normally low in males, non-lactating and non-pregnant women. They’re normally elevated in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.  Prolactin is made and released by the pituitary gland.

During pregnancy, prolactin, estrogen and progesterone stimulate breast tissue development and milk production.  Prolactin promotes the growth of breast tissue called mammary alveoli, where the production of milk occurs.  Prolactin also stimulates the alveolar cells to create milk components of lactose, casein and lipids.

Relaxin

In women, Relaxin is secreted into the circulation by the corpus luteum in the ovary.  Relaxin levels in the circulation rise after ovulation, during the second half of the menstrual cycle.  At this stage it is thought to relax the wall of the uterus by inhibiting contractions, and it also prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.  If pregnancy does not occur, Relaxin levels drop again.  During pregnancy it is released from the placenta, the membranes which surround the foetus, and the lining of the uterus.  Levels are at their highest in the first trimester.  Towards the end of pregnancy Relaxin promotes rupture of the membranes surrounding the fetus and the growth, opening and softening of the cervix and vagina to aid the process of childbirth.

In men, Relaxin is secreted from the prostate gland and can be detected in the semen, but is not generally found in the blood circulation.  (4)

Testosterone

In men, the testicles primarily make testosterone.  Women’s ovaries also make testosterone in smaller amounts.  The production of testosterone starts to increase significantly during puberty where it is essential for growth of muscle, bone and hair mass.  It begins to dip after age 30 or so.  Testosterone is most often associated with sex drive and plays a vital role in sperm production.  A man’s testosterone levels can also affect his mood, storage of fat in the body, and red blood cell production.

Progesterone

Progesterone participates in the female reproductive system, menstrual cycle, promotes gestation in pregnancy and the formation of the embryo.  The main function of progesterone is to prepare the endometrium for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.  Ovulation occurs around the middle of a woman’s menstrual cycle.  The corpus luteum forms from the empty egg follicle and begins producing progesterone.  It works by thickening your uterine lining and creating a good environment for a fertilized egg to implant.  If a pregnancy doesn’t occur, the endometrium sheds (menstrual period).  If conception occurs, progesterone increases to support the pregnancy.  Low levels of progesterone following implantation, can often result in pregnancy loss.  (5)

Estrone (E1)

Estrone is one of three Estrogen hormones, often the weakest type and continues to be made after menopause.  Estrone forms in the adrenal glands and adipose tissue.  The ovaries also produce estrone.  It can convert to estradiol when your body needs a stronger type of estrogen.  In people who continue to experience fatigue, hot flashes or low sex drive after menopause, low estrone could be the cause.  High estrone levels may increase the growth of breast and uterine growths. (6)

Estradiol (E2)

Estradiol is the main hormone present during a woman’s reproductive years.  The ovaries produce estradiol in varying amounts depending on where a person is in their menstrual cycle and reproductive timeline.  Some smaller amounts of estradiol are produced in the adrenal glands, fat cells, breasts, and brain via cholesterol.  Estrodiol levels begin to increase during puberty, rise and fall within the menstrual cycle, and decline as the person ages. (7)

Estriol (E3)

Estriol is the third hormone in the estrogen group.  Normally, levels of Estriol in the body are very low, but during pregnancy, it is made in much higher amounts by the placenta.  Estriol levels increase throughout pregnancy and are highest just before birth.

Men also produce small amounts of estrogen.

References

  1. Anti mullerian Hormone (AMH) test & ovarian reserve. (n.d.). IVF Australia. https://www.ivf.com.au/planning-for-pregnancy/female-fertility/ovarian-reserve-amh-test
  2. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-a). Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24638-follicle-stimulating-hormone-fsh#What%20Is%20Follicle-Stimulating%20Hormone%20(FSH)?
  3. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-c). Human chorionic gonadotropin. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22489-human-chorionic-gonadotropin
  4. Relaxin | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology. (n.d.). https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/relaxin/
  5. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-i). Progesterone. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24562-progesterone
  6. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-c). Estrone. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22398-estrone
  7. Mutchler, C. (2023, August 31). The difference between estradiol and estrogen. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/estradiol-vs-estrogen-why-hormone-levels-matter-7566712